The technical assistance of Mrs. Keywords: Aegilops tauschii, Fluorescence and genomic in situ hybridization, Gene sources, Meiosis, Mitosis, Resistance genes markers, Triticale == Introduction == Triticale (X TriticosecaleWitt. ) was created using wide crosses to combine the valuable characteristics of wheat (Triticum aestivumL. ) and rye (Secale cerealeL. ) (Aase1930; OMara1953; Jenkins1969; Kiss and Videki1971). At first, illnesses did not seem to be a serious limitation to triticale production, most likely because the regions of production of this crop were not conductive to cause serious shifts in pathogen virulence (Singh Oxaceprol and Saari1991). When triticale began to expand into new production areas, new hybrid pathotypes carrying virulence genes appeared (Arseniuk1996). The most common diseases of triticale are caused by fungal pathogens, such as leaf rust (caused byPuccinia triticina) and powdery mildew (caused byBlumeria graminis) (Singh and Saari1991and Troch et al. 2014, respectively). One of the main breeding strategies for triticale improvement was to introduce D-genome chromosomes into 6x triticale (AABBRR). A number of efforts to produce triticale substitution lines were made. The simplest way to obtain D(A) or/and D(B) substitution lines is usually through octoploid (AABBDDRR) tetraploid (AARR or BBRR) triticale crosses (Krowlow1970; Lukaszewski ainsi que al. 1984; Apolinarska1993). Another way to introduce D-chromosomes into triticale is using wild, diploid goatgrasses, which are ancestors transporting the D-genome, to createAegilops tauschiiCoss. (DD, 2n = 2x = 14) H. cereale(RR, 2n = 2x = 14) hybrids (Fedak1984; Cabrera ainsi que al. 1996). Ae. tauschiihas approximately 23, 000 proteins coding genes and 1, 200 NBS-LRR genes, which provides a large number of potential disease resistance loci (Jia et al. 2013). Oxaceprol A number of resistance genes were moved formAe. tauschiito cultivated wheat. Resistance genes likeLr21(on chromosome 1DS), Lr22a(2DS), Lr32(3D), Lr39(2DS), Lr40(1DS), Lr42(1D), andLr43(7DS) are the most essential for resistance toughness (Rowland and Kerber1974; Cox et al. 1994; Hussien et al. 1997; Raupp et al. 2001). However , the utilization of interspecific crosses between triticale and related species are arduous and prolonged because of genetic barriers of crossability controlled byKrgenes (Riley and Chapman1967; Sitch et al. 1985; and Zheng ainsi que al. 1992, respectively). Moreover, the suppression of homologue chromosome pairing by thePhgenes may also interfere with the overall performance of distant crosses (Riley and Chapman1958; Sears1976; Lukaszewski and Kopeck2010). In this research, we have used the (Aegilops tauschiiS. cereale) triticale hybrids, which were obtained by hybridization of theAegilops tauschiiS. cerealeamphiploids (DDRR, 2n = 4x = 28 chromosomes) with hexaploid triticale cv. Bogo as a paternal component to have the F1generation of hybrids, which were, therefore , backcrossed with triticale Bogo (pollinator) to obtain BC1F1and BC2F1hybrids, and further self-crossed to produce following decades (BC2F2to BC2F5; Fig. 1a). TheAegilops tauschiiS. cerealeamphiploids, created using embryo rescue by Sulinowski and Wojciechowska in the Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish School of Sciences, Pozna, Poland (data unpublished), carried 28 chromosomes havingLr22aandLr39(Kwiatek et al. 2012) andLr32(data unpublished) markers connected with resistance to leaf rust. The aim of this study was: (1) to characterize the chromosome structure of the hybrids (BC2F2to BC2F5) ofAe. tauschii triticale hybrids; (2) to recognize the D-genome DNA markers which are linked with leaf rust resistance in the hybrids; and (3) to evaluate the stability of D-genome chromosomes inheritance by the chromosome pairing analysis during MI (metaphase I) of meiosis of pollen mother cells (PMCs) of BC2F4and BC2F5hybrids. == Fig. 1 . == aThe plan of following crosses betweenAegilops tauschiiSecale cerealeamphiploid forms and triticale cv. Oxaceprol Bogo. Hybrids from the decades on distinguished fields were evaluated. bGenomic in situ hybridization (GISH) discrimination ofAe. tauschiichromosomes labeled TFRC using digoxigenin-11-dUTP (green) and unlabeled triticale chromosomes (orange) on meiotic metaphase We chromosome distributed of pollen mother cells (PMCs) from your BC2F5hybrid of (Aegilops tauschiiSecale cereale) triticale, 20 + 13D(3B). cFluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) pattern showing the location of 5S rDNA (red) and 35S rDNA (green); dFISH pattern showing the location of pSc119. 2 (green) and pAs1 (red) repetitive clones; andeGISH with a total genomic DNA coming from rye, R-genome, labeled with rhodamine (red); total genomic DNA fromTriticum monococcum, A-genome, labeled with digoxigenin.
The technical assistance of Mrs
