The benign cells were adjacent to the tumor and were morphologically consistent with normal breast epithelium. malignant cell components. There were no significant changes in caspase-3 and CD34 in the green tea and Betaxolol no green tea groups and there were no significant differences in the change in these markers between the two groups. However, Ki-67 levels declined in both benign and malignant cell components in the green tea group; the Betaxolol decline in Ki-67 positivity in malignant cells was not statistically significant (P= 0.10) but was statistically significant in benign cells (P= 0.007). Ki-67 levels in benign and malignant cells did not change significantly in the Betaxolol no green tea group. There was a statistically significant difference in the change in Ki-67 in benign cells (P= 0.033) between the green tea and the no green tea groups. The trend of a consistent reduction in Ki-67 in both benign and Betaxolol malignant cells in the green tea group warrants further investigations in a larger study of breast cancer patients or high-risk women. Keywords:chemoprevention, green tea, postmenopausal breast cancer == Introduction == Worldwide, breast cancer is the most common invasive cancer in women, accounting for nearly one fourth of all cancers in women. In 2010 2010, nearly 1.6 million women worldwide were diagnosed with breast cancer, accounting for 14% of the cancer deaths in women. The incidence of breast cancer is usually highest in North America and Europe and lowest in Asia (1,2). The historically lower incidence in Asian populations have been attributable, in part, to later ages of menarche, low body weight particularly in postmenopausal women, infrequent use of menopausal hormones, as well as to lifestyles factors including physical activity, and Rabbit Polyclonal to CSGALNACT2 regular intake of soy based foods, plant-rich diet, and green tea (3). In a meta-analysis we conducted that included 5,604 breast cancer cases and 5,487 control women, a significant inverse association between green tea consumption and breast cancer incidence was found although a similar risk reduction was not found in prospective cohort studies which included non-daily or non-weekly tea drinkers in the baseline group. This difference in the definition of unexposed group between the prospective and case-control studies may have contributed, in part, to the differences in results (4). In two Japanese cohort studies, high daily green tea intake among patients with breast cancer has been associated with a decrease in risk of recurrence and mortality (5,6). Tea is the most widely consumed beverage in the world. Green tea, made from the leaves of the Camellia sinensis herb, accounts for 20% of the worlds tea production; and is the main tea consumed in Japan and China. Green tea extract is rich in antioxidant polyphenols most notably epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). EGCG has an antioxidant activity about 25 and 100 times greater than that of vitamins E and C, respectively, and is the most potent of all the catechins (7). Though the effects are relatively small, green tea polyphenols have been found to favorably influence several markers of breast cancer risk such as circulating estrogens, androgens, and mammographic density (4). Strong experimental evidence shows that EGCG influences cell Betaxolol growth and inhibits cell proliferation and angiogenesis, and induces apoptosis of preneoplastic and neoplastic cells, inhibiting essential mechanisms of cancer cell survival in different organ sites of various animal models and cell lines (8). In an effort to understand green teas effects on breast tissue, we conducted standard immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of markers of cell proliferation (Ki-67), apoptosis (cleaved caspase-3 (casp-3), and angiogenesis (CD34) in patients diagnosed with breast cancer to investigate the short-term clinical effects of green tea supplementation. == Materials and Methods == == Study design == The study was a pre-surgical trial of a green tea capsule vs. no capsule in postmenopausal women conducted at the Los Angeles County-University Southern California Medical Center (LAC-USC) between 2008 and 2009. The study included patients with ductal carcinomain situ(DCIS) or primary invasive stage I or II breast cancer (as classified after diagnostic biopsy and subsequently confirmed at definitive surgery). There were 13 patients in the green tea group (1 DCIS.
The benign cells were adjacent to the tumor and were morphologically consistent with normal breast epithelium
