Although testing for the SARS-CoV-2 in India has been significantly ramped up achieving one million tests in a single day on 21 August, the tests performed are way under the required testing number when compared to the population of 1 1.4 billion. observed between the subjects who had cough and those who did not (p?=?0.0004). Similar significant findings were found with total protein and globulin levels on comparing the individuals with different antibody status (positive, negative and equivocal). The middle-aged and old age people had high Ab titres compared to younger individuals and the duration of KIAA1557 the hospital stay was found to be positively correlated with the anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody. Cough, age and duration of the hospital stay was found to play a significant I-CBP112 role in the development of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels. Further, the data suggests that blood groups have a lesser impact on the severity of disease?and the development of antibodies. Patients who present with the cough are more likely to develop antibodies. Keywords: Convalescent plasma Therapy, IgG antibody, COVID-19, SARS- Co-V-2 Introduction SARS-CoV-2, a novel coronavirus belonging to the group of beta coronaviruses, emerged a year ago in Wuhan, China causing a new pandemic. Since then, the world has witnessed, approximately 197,073,011 infected cases with 4,210,030 deaths (as of 31 July 2021) [1]. In India, the 1st case was detected on January 30, 2020. India has the second-largest number of coronavirus cases in the world after the US. From recent studies, it has emerged that the SARS-CoV-2 infection may also result in asymptomatic and mild infections, leading to obscuring of the actual number of cases [2]. Although testing for the SARS-CoV-2 in India has been significantly ramped up achieving one million tests in a single day I-CBP112 on 21 August, the tests performed are way under the required testing number when compared to the population of 1 1.4 billion. Due to this under testing, the majority of the cases remain undetected who are either asymptomatic I-CBP112 or have a mild disease [3]. For more than a decade, convalescent plasma (CP) therapy has been I-CBP112 applied previously to many infectious diseases. It has shown a successful result in past coronavirus diseases like the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Therefore, both the United States?(USFDA) and the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) had approved the use of CP in COVID-19 patients in the early phase of the Pandemic. ICMR sponsored PLACID trial was published recently [4]. This trial recruited 462 patients from 39 tertiary care hospitals across India. This study did not report any benefit in all-cause mortality or progress to a severe course in patients with moderate disease. However, a higher proportion of patients in the intervention arm showed improvement in the resolution of dyspnoea and fatigue. The study also concluded that high-titre plasma?Diabetes melitus, hypertension Table 4 Comparison of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels of the study population (with and with out symptoms & treatment with remdesivir) during the course of infection NeutrophilCLymphocyte Ratio, Total lymphocyte count Open in a separate window Fig. 1 Comparison of different clinical variables against the negative, equivoval and positive antibody levels (n?=?210) On correlation analysis, no significant correlation was found between Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody levels and biochemical parameters (after the Bonferroni correction for multiple testing) (Table ?(Table3).3). The serum Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody levels showed a nonsignificant positive correlation with both duration of hospital stay/home quarantine (p?=?0.2) and with the number of days after which the antibody test was done (p?=?0.3). In the total study population, 83 (40%) were having O positive blood group, 69 (33%) were having B positive blood group, 45 (21%) were having A positive blood group & 13 (6%) were having AB positive blood group. Out of all the positively tested individuals (145) for antibodies, 57 (39.3%) had O positive blood group. On comparing the blood groups with the antibody status and other clinical parameters, no significant difference was found. Discussion Ever since WHO declared COVID-19 as a global pandemic, the whole world has been looking for the development of an effective treatment or vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Since then, convalescent plasma therapy has emerged as one of the treatment plans for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Convalescent plasma therapy, classic adaptive immunotherapy, has been applied to the prevention and treatment of many infectious diseases for more than a decade. Over the past decades, convalescent plasma therapy was successfully used in the treatment of SARS, MERS, and the 2009 2009 H1N1 pandemic with satisfactory efficacy and safety [19C21]. Positive tests for IgG, IgM, and IgA are generally described as?>?1.0 arbitrary unit/mL or AU/mL [14]. Values for IgG antibodies?>?6.5 AU/mL correspond to an antibody titer of approximately?>?1:320 and IgG values?>?20 AU/mL correspond to titers?>?1:1000. An IgG antibody titer of?>?1:320 has been recommended by the FDA as a threshold for determining if convalescent plasma should be used in a patient [15]. The FDA also recommends an antibody titer of 1 1:160, but a titer.
Although testing for the SARS-CoV-2 in India has been significantly ramped up achieving one million tests in a single day on 21 August, the tests performed are way under the required testing number when compared to the population of 1 1
