Overall, the cytokine concentration in the samples analyzed was variable, and some cytokines were not detected in some subjects, similar to what has been previously described (66) (Table 3). determine influencing factors of breast milk immune composition. Methods Breast milk samples from 75 mothers were analyzed between days 7 and 15 postpartum. The Igs, cytokines, and adipokine levels were determined by a multiplex approach, except for the IgA, IgM, and leptin that were evaluated by ELISA. Results IgA, IgM, IgE, IgG2, IL-1, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17 were significantly higher on day time 7 with respect to day time 15. The multiple Brimonidine Tartrate element analysis (MFA) allowed us to identify two maternal clusters (immunotypes) depending on the breast milk immune profile development from Rabbit polyclonal to ACAD8 day time 7 to Brimonidine Tartrate day time 15, mainly due to the IgE and IgG subtypes, but not for IgA and IgM, which usually offered higher levels early in time. Conclusion All these results demonstrated the importance of the dynamics of the breast milk composition in terms of immune factors because actually in the same lactation stage, a difference of 1 1?week has induced changes in the breast milk immune profile. Moreover, this immune profile does not evolve in the same way for all ladies. The dynamic compositional changes may be maternal-specific, as we observed variations in parity and unique breastfeeding between Brimonidine Tartrate the two BM immunotype organizations, which could potentially effect infant health. Keywords: breastfeeding, breast milk, transitional stage, immunoglobulins, cytokines, adipokines 1.?Intro Breast milk (BM) is considered the gold-standard food for babies since, in addition to the fundamental nutrients (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals), it also contains a huge variety of bioactive compounds, including growth factors and anti-infective molecules such as immunoglobulins (Ig), cytokines (CKs), and human being Brimonidine Tartrate milk oligosaccharides. All of these parts contribute to the proper growth of the baby, both anatomically and neurologically, while also providing defenses and collaborating in the microbiota colonization and the immunity development of the offspring (1C3). Among additional anti-infective compounds in BM, Igs are the most analyzed, primarily IgA (1), whose presence has been known for a long time (4C12). Although less information is available about the presence of additional Igs (IgM, IgG, and IgE), they have been gaining attention in the past 10?years (13) because they can also be influenced by maternal factors and infant requirements. It is reported that an infant and/or maternal illness induces an increase in secretory IgA (sIgA) and IgG in human being BM (14). Among these bioactive compounds, CKs, which are in low concentrations (15), have also been generating substantial interest in recent years. Detectable CKs in BM are primarily transforming growth element (TGF)-, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1, tumor necrosis element (TNF)-, IL-10, IL-5, IL-4, IL-13, IL-12, granulocyte colony-stimulating element (G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating element (GM-CSF), and macrophage colony-stimulating element (M-CSF) (16C18). Moreover, adipokines can also be found in BM, such as leptin and adiponectin, which are involved in fetal development and growth (19C23) and have immunomodulatory actions (24). In this regard, leptin and adiponectin regulate both innate and adaptive immune reactions (25, 26). It is well known that BM parts switch along the phases of breastfeeding, leading to three different types of milk: colostrum (from birth to 5C6?days), transitional milk (from 7 to 15?days), and mature milk (since 15?days), with colostrum being the richest in immunological parts (13, 27). It is important to spotlight the transition stage is the least analyzed in terms of the immune composition of BM, mainly for IgG, their subtypes, and many cytokines and adipokines. In addition to compositional changes due to the time Brimonidine Tartrate of milk sampling (18, 28C33), BM composition can be affected by maternal prenatal and postnatal factors including diet (34, 35), vaccination (36C39), geographic location, antibiotics (40), smoking (41), maternal pathologies and infections (42), and maternal mental stress (43). BM composition also seems to be associated with gestational age (31, 44, 45). The BM of mothers of preterm neonates offers immune compensatory mechanisms to accelerate their development, such as improved concentrations of IL-6, TGF-1, and TGF-2 (31) and IgA, IgM, and IgG (31, 44, 46). Moreover, BM parts also switch by neonatal.
Overall, the cytokine concentration in the samples analyzed was variable, and some cytokines were not detected in some subjects, similar to what has been previously described (66) (Table 3)
